It’s now been three years since solar subsidies were phased out and tax rates first hiked, then dramatically scrapped. At the same time, electricity prices have continued to rise, especially during the recent energy crisis. So what does this mean for the economics of solar power? In short, are solar panels worth it today?
Speaking purely from a financial point of view, the answer is a resounding yes. Of course beyond the financial, there are many other benefits, including energy independence and reduced air pollution.
Back to the financials. The solar Feed-in Tariff subsidy may have ended, but the cost of the technology has fallen by more than 50% over the past decade. Overall the cost of domestic solar electricity is now around p per kWh. This is well below the p average domestic import cost from the grid (which, by the way, increased by an average % each year over the past decade...).
A typical 4 kWp solar system (10-13 panels) now costs around £, with the new 0% VAT rating. There will be some maintenance costs over the life (a recommended clean and service every 3-5 years), and a probable inverter replacement required, total cost around £ in today's money. So the true all-in cost of the system is around £.
On average a system will generate around 3,500 kWh a year, allowing for a modest degradation over time. In its 25 year life, it is expected to generate about 88,000 kWh of electricity.
Ignoring export tariff payments for now, that means each kWh generated costs p:
| kWh from 4kWp system over 25 years: | 88,000 |
| System cost (VAT at 0%): | £ |
| Lifetime maintenance cost (present value): | £ |
| Total system cost: | £ |
| Cost per kWh: | p |
Obviously to get maximum benefit from electricity that costs only p per kWh, you need to be using as much of it as possible on site, displacing imported electricity - the average cost of which is p/kWh.
On a time-of-use tariff, where you pay peak and off-peak rates, you may be able to save even more. For example, Octopus Go rates (in our area at the time of writing) are 30.6p/kWh in the daytime and 7.5p/kWh from 0.30-4.30am.
If you don’t use the solar electricity (or store it), it won’t be worth as much to you - it will only be worth the export tariff, around p per kWh.
So with a time-of-use tariff, you will gain around 31p per kWh by displacing expensive daytime electricity, and lose around 0p per kWh on anything you export. Without a battery, as long as you use at least 50% on site you are going to be ‘quids in’.
It’s one thing to compare the lifetime cost of solar power to today’s import tariffs, but perhaps it would be fairer to compare it to the cost of grid electricity over that same 25 year period. Over the past decade, electricity prices have risen by an average of % each year. Assuming this rate continues, the expected average lifetime cost of grid electricity is p/kWh.
With a battery and a time-of-use tariff, you will easily use 70-80% on site, and open up the potential to top up your battery (and your car) with cheap overnight electricity, while avoiding altogether the high daytime tariff inherent in a time-of-use tariff.
The stored electricity will cost you a bit more than p per kWh (more like 20p per kWh all-in), because of the cost of storage, but you will minimise export, still benefit from the cheap overnight rate of the time-of-use tariff to charge your car and top up your battery, and, with Powerwall 2 for example, you have the added bonus that your lights will still be on in a power cut.
As long as you use at least 50% of your power on site, then, with a judicious choice of import tariff, solar will make sense. The more you use on site, the greater the savings. Using everything on site gives a cost well below the average home's grid electricity rate of around p per kWh, and even further below the expected lifetime rate of p per kWh.
What's more, the cost of grid electricity is rising. In absolute terms, it’s creeping up by around % each year...
On a financial return basis, the internal rate of return (IRR%) from an investment in a solar system is typically % over the life, non-taxable and linked to inflation. How many other investments yield %, dependent only on the sun continuing to shine?